“GPS, Wi-Fi, and Cell Phone Jammers Frequently Asked Questions,” Federal Commerce Commission Enforcement Bureau, David Bosco, “When Can States Jam Radio Broadcasts?” Foreign Policy, October 5, 2012. Wilgenbusch and Alan Heisig, “Command and Control Vulnerabilities to Communications Jamming,” Joint Force Quarterly 69, no. Harrison, Johnson, and Roberts, Space Threat Assessment 2019, 4. Garino and Gibson, “Space System Threats,” 275. Roberts, Space Threat Assessment 2019 (Washington, DC: CSIS, April 2019), 4. 10 Todd Harrison, Kaitlyn Johnson, and Thomas G. 274 Todd Harrison, Future of MILSATCOM (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013), p. military personnel lack “awareness of what our own forces are doing in the spectrum, let alone of what an adversary might do.” 10īrian Garino and Jane Gibson, “Space System Threats,” AU-18 Space Primer (Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press, 2009), p. According to General John Hyten, then-commander of the Air Force Space Command, U.S. 9 Purposeful jamming can be difficult to differentiate from accidental interference, making attribution more challenging. military officials noted they were unintentionally jamming satellite communications an average of 23 times per month. Jamming can also occur accidentally: in 2015, U.S. 8 As a consequence, there are few downsides to developing jamming capabilities. 7 Recent improvements in such commercial jammers include reductions in size from jammers about the size of a Frisbee to those the size of a hockey puck. FCC laws and rules of the International Telecommunications Union. 6 Furthermore, simple terrestrial jamming systems are cheap and commercially available, despite being illegal under both U.S. For example, interference with satellite signals has emanated from Indonesia, Cuba, Ethiopia, Libya, and Syria, among others. There is a low threshold of technological competency required to perform jamming, and the technology is available to a plethora of actors across the globe. Satellite jamming systems are easy for states and non-state actors to develop given the relative low cost of their procurement and operation. Jamming technology tends to be commercially available and relatively inexpensive. 5 Because downlink jammers must be within the field of view of the receiving terminal’s antenna, however, the effects of downlink jamming are more localized. It could be more impactful, however, due to its ability to degrade the satellite’s signal for all its users. 4 Uplink jamming is considered more difficult because greater transmitter power is required to reach a given satellite’s transponders. It aims to inhibit ground users from receiving transmissions from the satellite and only needs to be as strong as the signal being received on the ground. 3 The second type, downlink jamming, disrupts transmissions sent from the satellite to ground-based or airborne receivers using RF signals that mimic the frequency of the downlink signal.
An RF signal of the same frequency as the targeted uplink signal is transmitted to the satellite, aiming to limit the satellite transponder from differentiating between the jamming signal and the actual signal.
The first, uplink jamming, interferes with the signal going from a ground station or user terminal to the satellite. There are two main types of satellite jamming. It is an entirely reversible form of attack because once the jamming signal is turned off, adversary communications are restored. In contrast to kinetic physical counterspace weapons, such as direct-ascent ASAT missiles, or non-kinetic physical weapons, such as lasers or high-powered microwaves (HPM), jamming does not physically damage satellites. Satellite jammers threaten adversary capabilities via the communication segment and can be used from the ground, ocean surface, or air. intelligence community, jamming equipment operates across multiple domains.Īll space capabilities are made up of a ground segment and a space segment, as well as the communication, or link, that ties them together.
1 Considered a growing threat by the U.S. Satellite jamming is a form of electronic anti-satellite (ASAT) attack that interferes with communications traveling to and from a satellite by emitting noise of the same radio frequency (RF) within the field of view of the satellite’s antennas.
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